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<title>Oppression</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oppression</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Oppression_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oppression (disambiguation)">Oppression (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<li><a href="Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li>

<li><a href="Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>

<li><a href="Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>

<li><a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li>

<li><a href="Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li>

<li><a href="Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li>

<li><a href="Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li>

<li><a href="Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li>

<li><a href="Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li>

<li><a href="Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li>

<li><a href="Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a>

<ul><li><a href="Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Misogynoir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a>

<li><a href="Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a>

<li><a href="Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_exemption" title="Religious exemption">Religious exemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_non-believers_or_irreligion" title="Religious persecution">Persecution of non-believers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li>

<li>In Islam

<ul><li><a href="Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li>

<li><a href="Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">In China</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race or ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hazara_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hazara sentiment">Hazara</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a>

<ul><li><a href="Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Haitian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Haitian sentiment">Haitian</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Indonesian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indonesian sentiment">Indonesian</a></li>

<li>Indigenous people

<ul><li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Israel_sentiment" title="Anti-Israel sentiment">Israeli</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Khmer_sentiment" title="Anti-Khmer sentiment">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li>

<li><a href="Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li>

<li><a href="High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li>

<li><a href="Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a>

<ul><li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a>

<ul><li><a href="Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li>

<li><a href="International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a>

<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a>

<ul><li><a href="Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li>

<li><a href="Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a>

<ul><li><a href="Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>

<li><a href="Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li>

<li><a href="Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li>

<li><a href="Selective_enforcement" title="Selective enforcement">Selective enforcement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>

<li><a href="White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li>

<li><a href="White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Apartheid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">in South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">in Israel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a>

<ul><li><a href="Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li>

<li><a href="Protecting_Women's_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_LGBTQ_rights" title="Opposition to LGBTQ rights">Opposition to LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li>

<li><a href="Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a>

<li><a href="Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a>

<ul><li><a href="Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li>

<li><a href="Autism_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li>

<li><a href="Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul></div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li>

<li><a href="Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li>

<li><a href="Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li>

<li><a href="Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li>

<li><a href="Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li>

<li>Oppression</li>

<li><a href="Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li>

<li><a href="Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li>

<li><a href="Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li>

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<p><b>Oppression</b> is <a href="Malice_(law)" title="Malice (law)">malicious</a> or <a href="Injustice" title="Injustice">unjust</a> treatment of, or exercise of <a href="Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> over, a group of individuals, often in the form of governmental authority.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oppression may be overt or covert, depending on how it is practiced.

</p><p>No universally accepted model or terminology has yet emerged to describe oppression in its entirety, although some scholars cite evidence of different types of oppression, such as social oppression, cultural, political, religious/belief, institutional oppression, and <a href="Economic_oppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic oppression">economic oppression</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authoritarian_oppression">Authoritarian oppression</h2></div>

<p>The word <i>oppress </i>comes from the Latin <i>oppressus</i>, past participle of <i>opprimere</i>, ("to press against",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to squeeze", "to suffocate").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, when <a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian governments</a> use oppression to subjugate the people, they want their citizenry to feel that "pressing down", and to live in fear that if they displease the authorities they will, in a metaphorical sense, be "squeezed" and "suffocated". Such governments oppress the people using restriction, control, terror, hopelessness, and despair. The tyrant's tools of oppression include, for example, extremely harsh punishments for "unpatriotic" statements; developing a <a href="Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> force; prohibiting <a href="Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, <a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and <a href="Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>; controlling the monetary system and economy; and imprisoning or killing activists or other leaders who might pose a threat to their power.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socioeconomic,_political,_legal,_cultural,_and_institutional_oppression">Socioeconomic, political, legal, cultural, and institutional oppression</h2></div>

<p>Oppression also refers to the subjugation and marginalization of specific groups of people within a country or society, such as <a href="Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a>, <a href="Person_of_color" title="Person of color">people of color</a>, <a href="Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">religious communities</a>, <a href="Poverty" title="Poverty">citizens in poverty</a>, <a href="LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history">LGBT people</a>, <a href="Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">youth and children</a>, and more. This <a href="Social_class" title="Social class">socioeconomic</a>, cultural, political, legal, and social oppression can occur in every country, culture, and society, including advanced <a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>.

</p><p>There is no single, widely accepted definition of social oppression. Philosopher Elanor Taylor defines social oppression in this way:

</p>

<blockquote><p>Oppression is a form of injustice that occurs when one social group is subordinated while another is privileged, and oppression is maintained by a variety of different mechanisms including social norms, stereotypes and institutional rules. A key feature of oppression is that it is perpetrated by and affects social groups. ... [Oppression] occurs when a particular social group is unjustly subordinated, and where that subordination is not necessarily deliberate but instead results from a complex network of social restrictions, ranging from laws and institutions to implicit biases and stereotypes. In such cases, there may be no deliberate attempt to subordinate the relevant group, but the group is nonetheless unjustly subordinated by this network of social constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016520–521_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016520–521-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote>

<p>Philosopher Jean Harvey, suggests the term "civilized oppression", which she introduces as follows:

</p>

<blockquote><p>It is harder still to become aware of what I call 'civilized Oppression,' that involves neither physical violence nor the use of law. Yet these subtle forms are by far the most prevalent in Western industrialized societies. This work will focus on issues that are common to such subtle oppression in several different contexts (such as racism, classism, and sexism) ... Analyzing what is involved in civilized oppression includes analyzing the kinds of mechanisms used, the power relations at work, the systems controlling perceptions and information, the kinds of harms inflicted on the victims, and the reasons why this oppression is so hard to see even by contributing agents.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Research and theory development on social oppression has advanced apace since the 1980s with the publication of seminal books and articles, and the cross-pollination of ideas and discussion among diverse disciplines, such as <a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, psychology, philosophy, and political science. Nonetheless, more fully understanding the problem remains an extremely complicated challenge for scholars. Improved understanding will require, for example, comprehending more completely the historical antecedents of current social oppression; the commonalities — and lack thereof – among the various social groups damaged by social oppression and the individual human beings who make up those groups; and the complex interplay between and amongst sociocultural, political, economic, psychological, and legal forces that cause and support oppression.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_oppression">Social oppression</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Infrahumanisation" title="Infrahumanisation">Infrahumanisation</a></div>

<p>A common conception of social oppression is seen as when a single group in society unjustly takes advantage of, and exercises power over, another group using dominance and subordination.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This then results in the socially supported mistreatment and exploitation of a group of individuals by those with relative power.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a social group setting, oppression may be based on many ideas, such as poverty, gender, class, race, caste, or other categories.

</p><p>

According to <a href="Iris_Marion_Young" title="Iris Marion Young">Iris Marion Young</a>, due to its pluralistic character, it is difficult to construct a definition that applies to all forms of oppression. Therefore, she argues one should focus on the characteristics different forms of oppression might exhibit or have in common. In order to do so, Young develops five characteristics or 'faces' of oppression. Each form of oppression possesses at least one of these characteristics which are: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young's conception of oppression does not involve an "active oppressor". This means that oppression can occur without people actively oppressing others.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Young argues that</p><blockquote><p>oppression is the inhibition of a group through a vast network of everyday practices, attitudes, assumptions, behaviors, and institutional rules. Oppression is structural or systemic. The systemic character of oppression implies that an oppressed group need not have a correlate oppressing group.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Structural or systemic refers to "the rules that constitute and regulate the major sectors of life such as family relations, property ownership and exchange, political powers and responsibilities, and so on".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young's conception of oppression is therefore in contrast with other common notions of oppression, where an identifiable oppressing group is assumed. Another example of social oppression given by Young is when a specific social group is denied access to education that may hinder their lives in later life.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic oppression is the divide between two classes of society. These were once determined by factors such slavery, property rights, disenfranchisement, and forced displacement of livelihood. Each divide yielded various treatments and attitudes towards each group.

</p><p>According to <a href="Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Marilyn Frye</a>, one of the most common characteristics of social oppression is the "double-bind", a situation where the oppressed are exposed to limited options, all of which incurring social penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of said situation exists for young women in the 21st century regarding sexual activity. Both sexual inactivity and sexual activity might incur a penalty. If a woman is sexually inactive, her parents might worry that she is abnormal, and men will complain that she is "frigid" and "uptight", while in the latter situation she may be condemned for being a whore.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scenario reveals how oppression may not necessarily be caused by individual oppressors, following Young's conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Social oppression derives from power dynamics and imbalances related to the social location of a group or individual. <a href="Social_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Social location">Social location</a>, as defined by Lynn Weber, is "an individual's or a group's social 'place' in the race, class, gender and sexuality hierarchies, as well as in other critical social hierarchies such as age, ethnicity, and nation".<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual's social location often determines how they will be perceived and treated by others in society. Three elements shape whether a group or individual can exercise power: the power to design or manipulate the rules and regulations, the capacity to win competitions through the exercise of political or economic force, and the ability to write and document social and political history.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Jim_Sidanius" title="Jim Sidanius">Jim Sidanius</a> suggests that there are four predominant social hierarchies, race, class, gender and sexuality, that contribute to social oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>, on the other hand, believes that there cannot be any hierarchy of oppression due to her experiences as both a Black and lesbian woman. In "There is no Hierarchy of Oppressions," she suggests that all oppressed groups share the same issue. She writes that "any attack against black people is a lesbian and gay issue", promoting the idea that due to intersectionality within a given group, all of its members and their respective groups are under threat, viewing the concept of oppression as originating from a root source which seeks to alienate all groups not in power.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One aspect of social oppression's effectiveness is the stigmatization of "resistance": Resistance to oppression has been linked to a moral obligation, an act deemed necessary for the preservation of self and society.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance is sometimes labeled as "lawlessness, belligerence, envy, or laziness".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privilege">Privilege</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a></div>

<p>Lynn Weber,<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among some other political theorists, argues that oppression persists because most individuals fail to recognize it; that is, discrimination is often not visible to those who are not in the midst of it. "<a href="Privilege_(social_inequality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (social inequality)">Privilege</a>" refers to a sociopolitical immunity one group has over others derived from particular societal benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the groups who have privilege over gender, race, or sexuality, for example, can be unaware of the power their privilege holds. These inequalities further perpetuate themselves because those who are oppressed rarely have access to resources that would allow them to escape their maltreatment. This can lead to <a href="Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">internalized oppression</a>, where subordinate groups essentially give up the fight to get access to equality, and accept their fate as a non-dominant group.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Scholar L. Ayu Saraswati highlights the potency of privilege hidden within groups generally considered oppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such can occur within women, as <a href="Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a> disproportionately focused on white women and their respective issues rather than women as a whole. This led to Black women and the higher level of economic challenges they were faced with being unaddressed, and often uplifted women only in a racially privileged position. According to Saraswati, by not fighting the presuppositions of racism, these actors in the women's movement failed to address their oppression at its root, simultaneously fighting for the issues of white women and accepting the societal structures which held Black women down. Even when Black feminists bring up issues of both gender and class, they often fail to account for heterosexual privilege amidst Black women, still supporting homophobic assumptions about sexuality and leaving many members of the movement behind.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_oppression">Racial oppression</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div>

<p>Race or racial oppression is defined as "burdening a specific race with unjust or cruel restraints or impositions. Racial oppression may be social, systematic, institutionalized, or internalized. Social forms of racial oppression include exploitation and mistreatment that is socially supported."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1972 work, <i>Racial Oppression in America</i>, sociologist <a href="Bob_Blauner" title="Bob Blauner">Bob Blauner</a> proposes five primary forms of racial oppression in <a href="History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States history</a>: <a href="Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples#American_Indian_Wars" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">genocide</a> and <a href="Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">geographical displacement</a>, <a href="Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, <a href="Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizenship</a>, non-citizen labor, and diffuse <a href="Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racial discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blauner states that even after civil rights legislation abolished legally-sanctioned segregation, racial oppression remained a reality in the United States and "racial groups and racial oppression are central features of the American social dynamic".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_discrimination">Class discrimination</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></div>

<p>Class oppression, sometimes referred to as classism, can be defined as prejudice and discrimination based on social class.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class is a social ranking system which is based on income, wealth, education, status, and power. A class is a large group of people who share similar economic or social positions based on their income, wealth, property ownership, job status, education, skills, or power in the economic and political sphere. The most commonly used class categories include upper class, middle class, working class, and poor class. Class is also experienced differently depending on race, gender, ethnicity, global location, disability, and more. Class oppression of the poor and working class can lead to deprivation of basic needs and a feeling of inferiority to higher-class people, as well as shame towards one's traditional class, race, gender, or ethnic heritage. In the United States, class has become racialized leaving the greater percentage of people of color living in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_oppression">Gender oppression</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></div>

<p>Gender oppression is a form of social oppression, which occurs due to belonging or seeming to belong to a specific gender.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, gender oppression occurred through actual legal domination and subordination of men over women. Even key aspects of social life traditionally seen as "neutral", such as language, can sustain gender oppression according to Gertrude Postl.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to sexist language and the lack of terms that relate to experiences specific to women. For example, the term "sexual harassment" was only coined in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Young argues that women in particular suffer from gender-based exploitation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To illustrate, gender exploitation relates to how the common labor division between men and women can be exploitative. She argues that "gender exploitation has two aspects, transfer of the fruits of material labor to men and transfer of nurturing and sexual energies to men".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, in a <a href="Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a> relationship, women often take care of unpaid households chores and child care labor, which benefits both the man as the woman. In this sense, women are performing labor from which the man benefits and thus at least part of the value of this labor is transferred to the man. This exploitation need not be done consciously or even intentionally. As Young argues, oppression can occur without an active "oppressor".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition of oppression attempts to address the concern that feminist theories unjustly blame men for the oppression of women. Men can sympathize with feminism, but still be complicit in the oppression of women.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In her article on oppression, Marilyn Frye suggests a myopic approach is necessary to understand how in society at large, women are sequestered to a second class role.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though individual barriers, such as small actions resulting of social roles and expectations, may not provide too much of a barrier for any one woman, the interweaving of many of said actions through each day and each year eventually builds a net which very well might hold a woman in place, and keep her in the role she is ordered to maintain. One simple example is the custom of men holding the door for a woman, which may be well-intentioned, but implies that women are uncapable of doing simple tasks themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_persecution">Religious persecution</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></div><p><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> is the systematic mistreatment of individuals because of their religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Iris Young oppression can be divided into different categories such as powerlessness, exploitation, and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An example of religious powerlessness existed during the 17th century when the <a href="Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a>, who wanted to escape the rule of the <a href="Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> came to what is now called the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The Pilgrims created their own religion, which was another form of <a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, and after doing so they eventually passed laws in order to prevent other religions from prospering in their colony. The Pilgrims and the leaders of other communities where Protestants were in the majority used their power over legislatures to oppress followers of other religions in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The second category of oppression, exploitation, has been seen in many different forms around the world when it comes to religion. The definition of exploitation is the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, during, and particularly after, the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> used Chinese immigrants to build the <a href="Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroads</a>. During this time it was common for the Chinese immigrants to follow the religions of <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, because of this the Chinese were considered different and therefore not equal to white Americans. Due to this view Chinese workers were denied equal pay, and they also suffered many hardships during the time which they spent working on the railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>

The third and most extreme category of oppression is <a href="Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. According to the <a href="Merriam-Webster's_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's dictionary</a>, violence is "the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy". Acts of <a href="Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a> which are committed against people who practice a particular religion are classified as <a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a>. Since <a href="September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11th, 2001</a>, the number of <a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> which have been committed against <a href="Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims in the United States</a> has greatly increased. One such incident occurred on August 5, 2017, when three men bombed a <a href="Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in <a href="Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> because they felt that Muslims "'push their beliefs on everyone else'".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acts of religious violence are also committed against practitioners of other religions in addition to Islam.</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutionalized_oppression">Institutionalized oppression</h3></div>

<p>Institutional oppression occurs when established laws, customs, and practices systemically reflect and produce inequities based on one's membership in targeted social identity groups. If oppressive consequences accrue to institutional laws, customs, or practices, the institution is oppressive whether or not the individuals maintaining those practices have oppressive intentions."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Institutionalized oppression allows for government, religious, and business organizations and their employees to systematically favor specific groups of people based upon group identity. Dating back to colonization, the United States implemented the annihilation of <a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> from lands that <a href="Euro-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Americans">Euro-Americans</a> wanted, and condoned the institution of slavery where Africans were brought to the <a href="New_World" title="New World">New World</a> to be a source of free labor to expand the cotton and tobacco industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although the <a href="Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">thirteenth</a>, <a href="Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">fourteenth</a>, and <a href="Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">fifteenth</a> amendments freed African Americans, gave them citizenship, and provided them the right to vote, institutions such as some police departments continue to use oppressive systems against minorities. They train their officers to profile individuals based upon their racial heritage, and to exert excessive force to restrain them. <a href="Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a> and <a href="Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> are "employed to control a population thought to be undesirable, undeserving, and under punished by established law".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both situations, police officers "rely on legal authority to exonerate their extralegal use of force; both respond to perceived threats and fears aroused by out-groups, especially— but not exclusively— racial minorities".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "blacks are: approximately four times more likely to be targeted for police use of force than their white counterparts; arrested and convicted for drug-related criminal activities at higher rates than their overall representation in the U.S. population; and are more likely to fear unlawful and harsh treatment by law enforcement officials".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Association of Chiefs of Police collected data from police departments between the years 1995 and 2000 and found that 83% of incidents involving use-of-force against subjects of different races than the officer executing it involved a white officer and a Black subject.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Institutionalized oppression is not only experienced by people of racial minorities, but can also affect those in the LGBT community. In April 1953, US President <a href="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> issued <a href="Executive_Order_10450" title="Executive Order 10450">Executive Order 10450</a>, which permitted non-binary sexual behaviors to be investigated by federal agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, states such as <a href="Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> passed laws in 2014 giving religious-based businesses "the right to refuse service to LGBT customers".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 and 2023, the <a href="US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> ruled against <a href="Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>'s anti-discrimination laws in <i><a href="Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission">Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission</a></i> and <i><a href="303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis" title="303 Creative LLC v. Elenis">303 Creative LLC v. Elenis</a></i> respectively.

</p><p><a href="School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the United States</a> is observed by some educators as oppression or <a href="Closure_(sociology)" title="Closure (sociology)">closure</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because students are denied access to resources and the privileged class is signaled that its denial of goods is justified.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_oppression">Economic oppression</h3></div>

<p>Economic oppression can take many forms, including, but not limited to, <a href="Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>, <a href="Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labour</a>, low wages, denial of <a href="Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a>, <a href="Bonded_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonded labour">bonded labor</a>, employment discrimination, and economic discrimination based on sex, nationality, race, or religion.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Ann_Cudd" title="Ann Cudd">Ann Cudd</a> describes the main forces of economic oppression as oppressive economic systems and direct and indirect forces. Even though capitalism and socialism are not inherently oppressive, they "lend themselves to oppression in characteristic ways".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She defines direct forces of economic oppression as "restrictions on opportunities that are applied from the outside on the oppressed, including enslavement, segregation, employment discrimination, group-based harassment, opportunity inequality, <a href="Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>, and governmental corruption". This allows for a dominant social group to maintain and maximize its wealth through the intentional exploitation of economically inferior subordinates. With indirect forces (also known as oppression by choice), "the oppressed are co-opted into making individual choices that add to their own oppression". The oppressed are faced with having to decide to go against their social good, and even against their own good. If they choose otherwise, they have to choose against their interests, which may lead to resentment by their group.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An example of direct forces of economic oppression is <a href="Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">employment discrimination</a> in the form of the <a href="Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a>. Restrictions on women's access to and participation in the workforce like the wage gap is an "inequality most identified with industrialized nations with nominal equal opportunity laws; legal and cultural restrictions on access to education and jobs, inequities most identified with developing nations; and unequal access to capital, variable but identified as a difficulty in both industrialized and developing nations".<sup id="cite_ref-Mupepi,_Mambo_2016_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mupepi,_Mambo_2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the median weekly earnings for women were 82 percent of the median weekly earnings for men in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue women are prevented from achieving complete gender equality in the workplace because of the "ideal-worker norm," which "defines the committed worker as someone who works full-time and full force for forty years straight," a situation designed for the male sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Mupepi,_Mambo_2016_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mupepi,_Mambo_2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Women, in contrast, are still expected to fulfill the caretaker role and take time off for domestic needs such as pregnancy and ill family members, preventing them from conforming to the "ideal-worker norm". With the current norm in place, women are forced to juggle full-time jobs and family care at home.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe that this difference in wage earnings is likely due to the supply and demand for women in the market because of family obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eber and Weichselbaumer argue that "over time, raw wage differentials worldwide have fallen substantially. Most of this decrease is due to better labor market endowments of females".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Indirect economic oppression is exemplified when individuals work abroad to support their families. <a href="Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourced</a> employees, working abroad generally little to no bargaining power not only with their employers, but with immigration authorities as well. They could be forced to accept low wages and work in poor living conditions. And by working abroad, an outsourced employee contributes to the economy of a foreign country instead of their own. Veltman and Piper describe the effects of outsourcing on female laborers abroad:

</p>

<blockquote><p>Her work may be oppressive first in respects of being <a href="Heteronomy" title="Heteronomy">heteronomous</a>: she may enter work under conditions of constraint; her work may bear no part of reflectively held life goals; and she may not even have the: freedom of bodily movement at work. Her work may also fail to permit a meaningful measure of economic independence or to help her support herself or her family, which she identifies as the very purpose of her working.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>By deciding to work abroad, laborers are "reinforcing the forces of economic oppression that presented them with such poor options".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oppression_and_intersectionality">Oppression and intersectionality</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></div>

<p>A different approach on oppression, called the <a href="Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectional approach</a> was introduced by <a href="Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> to refer to the various ways in which race and gender interact to shape the multiple dimensions of Black women's employment experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elena Ruiz defines intersectionality as a form of oppression containing multiple social vectors and overlapping identity categories such as sex, race, and class that are not ready visible in single identities, but have to be taken into account as an integral, robust human experience.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An intersectional approach to oppression requires attending to the differential ways different grounds for oppression such as gender, race, sexuality, class, religion, and so forth work together to create a unique situation for certain oppressed people. Crenshaw argues that viewing feminism as categorizing all women as one cohesive category of oppressed people obscures differences of experiences of oppression within such groups. A Black woman is not just the sum of the two categories.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This intersectional approach has been influential in academic fields studying different forms of social oppression. However, although Crenshaw argues her intersectional approach captures important differences within certain oppressed groups, Patricia Hill Collins objects that her approach is unable to capture the macro-level systemic nature of intersectional oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, Crenshaw's concept of intersectionality captures the individual experiences of oppressed persons that do not solely fall under one header of sexism, racism, or something else. However, it is not suited to capture the way, for example, sexism and racism work together at a (macro) societal level. Both conjoin to influence the unique experience of oppression as felt by, for example, Black women.

</p><p>

Authors such as <a href="Jennifer_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennifer Nash">Jennifer Nash</a> explore what the limits of intersectionality.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, does this approach only concern marginalized groups, or is everyone intersectional in some way. Guiding questions in this regard concern in what way an intersectional approach might bring to the surface certain previously obscured experiences of oppression.</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminism_and_equal_rights">Feminism and equal rights</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div>

<p>In her article "Feminist Politics," <a href="Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> discusses the intersectional challenges of the early feminist movements in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She divides female activists into groups labeled the "reformist" and "revolutionary" feminists. Reformist feminists were often at the forefront of the media, primarily as a result of their unspoken support of other forms of oppression, and more easily met requests. The reformists represented the white female population, and as a result of existing within a world of <a href="White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, which their platform inherently supported, they were often considered the primary feminist movement. Revolutionary feminists, on the other hand, included Black and LGBTQ issues in their platform, wanting not to work within the current system simply to improve the rights of already privileged women, but to rework the system to be more supportive of all women from other marginalized groups. The American feminist movement was polarized by these two groups. Many women forgot about the promise of revolutionary feminism when they began to gain economic power as a result of the reformist movements partial success. This further set back those who wished to fight sexism and other kinds of oppression at the same time. Revolutionary feminist thinking was further pushed aside as even academic circles would not discuss it easily. Furthermore, reformist feminists, upon finding a route to class mobility, refused to acknowledge the now niche revolutionary feminist movement, as they had found a way to live in an economically powerful way in the current social system.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domination_theory">Domination theory</h3></div>

<p>Addressing social oppression on both a macro and micro level, feminist <a href="Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> discusses what she calls the "<a href="Matrix_of_domination" title="Matrix of domination">matrix of domination</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matrix maps the interrelated nature of four domains of power: the structural, disciplinary, <a href="Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemonic</a>, and interpersonal domains. Each of these domains works to sustain current inequalities faced by marginalized, excluded, or oppressed groups. The structural, disciplinary, and hegemonic domains all operate on a macro level, creating social oppression through macro structures such as education, or the criminal justice system, which play out in the interpersonal sphere of everyday life through micro-oppressions.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-oppressive_practice" title="Anti-oppressive practice">Anti-oppressive practice</a></li>

<li><a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_oppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Police oppression">Police oppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oppression">"Definition of OPPRESSION"</a>.</cite></span>

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</li>

</ol></div></div>

<p><br>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li>Cudd, Ann E. (2006). <i>Analyzing oppression</i>. Oxford University Press US. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-518744-X</bdi>.</li>

<li>Deutsch, M. (2006). A framework for thinking about oppression and its change. <i>Social Justice Research, 19</i>(1), 7–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11211-006-9998-3">doi:10.1007/s11211-006-9998-3</a></li>

<li>Gil, David G. (2013). <i>Confronting injustice and oppression: Concepts and strategies for social workers (2nd ed.)</i>. New York City, NY: Columbia University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780231163996</bdi> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/846740522">OCLC 846740522</a></li>

<li>Harvey, J. (1999). <i>Civilized oppression</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0847692744</bdi></li>

<li>Marin, Mara (2017). <i>Connected by commitment: Oppression and our responsibility to undermine it</i>. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780190498627</bdi> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/989519441">OCLC 989519441</a></li>

<li>Noël, Lise (1989). <i>L'Intolérance. Une problématique générale</i> (Intolerance: a general survey). Montréal (Québec), Canada: Boréal. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9782890522718</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20723090">OCLC 20723090</a>.</li>

<li>Opotow, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice: an introduction. <i>Journal of Social Issues, 46</i>(1), 1–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x/full">doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x</a></li>

<li>Young, Iris (1990). <i>Justice and the politics of difference</i> (2011 reissue; foreword by Danielle Allen). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780691152622</bdi> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/778811811">OCLC 778811811</a></li>

<li>Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1996). <i>The anatomy of prejudices</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-03190-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/442469051">442469051</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGuillaumin1995" class="citation book cs1">Guillaumin, Colette (1995). <i>Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology</i>. Critical studies in racism and migration. London: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-09385-9</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/441154357">441154357</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHobgood2000" class="citation book cs1">Hobgood, Mary Elizabeth (2000). <i>Dismantling Privilege: An Ethics of Accountability</i>. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8298-1374-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42849654">42849654</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYoung-Bruehl1996" class="citation book cs1">Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofprejudi00younrich"><i>The Anatomy of Prejudices</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-03190-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/442469051">442469051</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoël1994" class="citation book cs1">Noël, Lise (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intolerancegener0000noel"><i>Intolerance, A General Survey</i></a></span>. Translated by Bennett, Arnold. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7735-1160-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/832466622">832466622</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOmiWinant1994" class="citation book cs1">Omi, Michael; Winant, Howard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialformationi00omim_0"><i>Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-90864-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/963325772">963325772</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFeaginVera1995" class="citation book cs1">Feagin, Joe R.; Vera, Hernan (1995). <i>White Racism: The Basics</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-90918-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30399203">30399203</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSolzhenitsyn1973" class="citation book cs1">Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr I. (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gulagarchipelago00solz"><i>The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, I–VII</i></a></span>. Translated by Whitney, Thoman P. (1st ed.). Harper and Row. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3953706">3953706</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKiernan1996" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polpotregimerace00kier"><i>The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-06113-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/845153793">845153793</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCudd2006" class="citation book cs1">Cudd, Ann E. (2006). <i>Analyzing Oppression</i>. Studies in feminist philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-518743-4</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/702181996">702181996</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch2006" class="citation journal cs1">Deutsch, Morton (March 2006). "A Framework for Thinking about Oppression and Its Change". <i>Social Justice Research</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>41. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11211-006-9998-3">10.1007/s11211-006-9998-3</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145564250">145564250</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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<li><a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul>

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